Nepal, a nation cradled by the Himalayas, is once again at a critical political juncture. With snap general elections for the House of Representatives slated for March 5, 2026, the political fervor is palpable across the country [1, 2]. At the heart of this electoral battle lies a sector that has historically been, and continues to be, the backbone of the Nepali economy: agriculture. Major political parties have recognized the profound importance of this sector, unveiling ambitious and sweeping agricultural reform agendas designed to woo the nation's vast farming population.
Agriculture remains undeniably the cornerstone of Nepal's economy and society. It provides livelihoods for a staggering 60-65% of the population, making it the largest employer in the country [4, 5]. Despite its significant workforce, the sector's contribution to the nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) hovers around 23-30%, a figure that, while substantial, has seen a gradual decline as other sectors grow [4, 5]. This disparity underscores an urgent need for modernization and enhanced productivity to uplift rural economies and ensure national food security.
However, Nepal's agricultural sector is grappling with a myriad of challenges that hinder its growth and potential:
- Land Fragmentation: Traditional inheritance practices have led to highly fragmented landholdings, making large-scale farming and mechanization difficult and increasing production costs.
- Inadequate Irrigation: Many regions lack sufficient irrigation infrastructure, leaving farmers heavily reliant on unpredictable monsoon rains, which directly impacts crop yields. The hilly areas are particularly vulnerable, while even in the fertile Terai, improvements are needed [4].
- Low Productivity: Outdated farming methods, limited access to modern machinery, improved seeds, and fertilizers contribute to lower yields compared to regional averages.
- Climate Change Vulnerability: Nepal is globally recognized as highly vulnerable to climate change, experiencing unpredictable monsoons, droughts, floods, and landslides that increase risks for farmers and cause substantial crop losses. For instance, unseasonal rains in October 2025 alone caused over Rs. 3.71 billion in losses to the agriculture sector, with Madhes Province being hit the hardest [9].
- Lack of Infrastructure and Market Access: Poor storage facilities, inadequate transportation networks, and a lack of cold chains result in significant post-harvest losses (estimated at 30-40% for fruits and vegetables). Farmers often fall prey to middlemen exploitation, failing to receive fair prices for their produce [5, 6].
- Timely Input Availability: Consistent and timely supply of quality seeds and fertilizers remains a persistent challenge for farmers.
- Youth Migration: The agricultural sector struggles to attract and retain youth, who often seek better opportunities abroad, leading to labor shortages and a reliance on an aging farming population.
Recognizing these deep-seated issues, the interim government, led by Prime Minister Sushila Karki since September 12, 2025, has already signaled priority for the agriculture sector. For the fiscal year 2025/26, the government allocated NPR 57.48 billion for agriculture, a slight increase from the previous year, with a focus on increasing production and productivity [11].
With the House of Representatives elections fast approaching on March 5, 2026, the manifestos of Nepal's major political parties reflect a clear strategy to address agricultural challenges and secure the crucial farming vote. Over 3,400 candidates from nearly 70 parties have registered, but a coalition government is highly anticipated, a common outcome in Nepali politics [3]. The major players—Nepali Congress, CPN-UML, the newly formed Nepali Communist Party (NCP), and the Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP)—along with others like the CPN (Maoist Centre), Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP), Ujyalo Nepal Party, and Janata Samajbadi Party (JSP), have all put agricultural transformation at the forefront of their national development priorities [10, 12].
Here’s a glimpse into the ambitious agricultural reform agendas presented by Nepal’s prominent political parties:
The Nepali Congress has defined agriculture as a primary component of 'national security' and pledged to dedicate the next ten years as the 'Decade of Agriculture, Food, and Nutrition Security'. Their vision includes transforming traditional subsistence farming into a secure and organized sector. Key proposals from their manifesto include:
- Food Self-Sufficiency: A commitment to make Nepal self-reliant in major food commodities like grains, vegetables, fruits, fish, milk, meat, and eggs.
- Market Stability & Support: Establishing buffer stock systems through expanded storage and cold chain facilities to stabilize supply and prices. They also commit to setting a minimum support price for produce before production begins, shielding farmers from market risks [12].
- Input and Land Reform: Amending legal provisions related to land use, ensuring the availability of indigenous and advanced seeds, and providing timely fertilizer at prescribed prices. A significant plan involves establishing a fertilizer factory in the Tarai region, utilizing surplus domestic electricity [10, 16].
- Financial Inclusion & Insurance: Introducing Kisan Credit Cards for small farmers, offering concessional loans, and guaranteeing insurance payments within 15 days by scientifically classifying farmers. A 'Stability Clause' to ensure fixed interest rates for 5 years also aims to provide financial security [12].
- Youth & Modernization: Launching a commercial agriculture program targeting youth and establishing a 'land bank' at the local level. They also plan to expand investment in modern irrigation, offering a 50% subsidy on irrigation electricity [10, 16].
- Budget Allocation: The party aims for the federal government to allocate 5% of its budget to agriculture, provinces 10%, and local governments 15%.
The Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) (CPN-UML) has positioned agriculture as a structural pivot for economic transformation, aiming to convert traditional farming into modern, commercial agribusiness enterprises led by entrepreneurial youth. Their manifesto emphasizes:
- Policy and Legal Reforms: Sweeping reforms to restructure the agricultural economy under the slogan “Modern Farming, Advanced Enterprise – Employment in Agriculture, Adequate Income”.
- Technical Capacity & Education: Deploying skilled agricultural technicians to every ward and promoting agricultural education from the grassroots level, enhancing coordination among research, education, and extension services.
- Infrastructure & Inputs: Prioritizing irrigation, road connectivity, reliable electricity, and timely supply of quality seeds and fertilizers. They aim to expand irrigation coverage to 75% of arable land within five years, adding 300,000 hectares [18].
- Financial Support & Land Management: Providing concessional loans, insurance coverage, and access to public land at subsidized lease rates for medium- and large-scale farms. They also propose land banks and smart irrigation systems [18].
- Organic Farming & Export Promotion: Developing Nepal as an organic production hub and reducing food imports, with a focus on export-oriented agriculture. They aim to achieve economic growth of 7-9% and increase per capita income to $3,000 within five years [20, 18].
Formed recently in November 2025, the Nepali Communist Party (NCP) is a merger of several communist and left-wing elements, including the CPN (Maoist). Their agenda focuses on radical structural change and a socialist approach to agriculture [12]. Key proposals include:
- Legal Framework: Enacting a Unified Agriculture Act and a Farmers' Rights Act within one year.
- Investment & Self-Sufficiency: Implementing the "Agriculture Investment Decade 2081–2091" and mobilizing public, private, cooperative, and donor investments. They target self-sufficiency in rice, wheat, maize, vegetables, fruits, sugarcane, milk, meat, and honey production within five years [16].
- Large-Scale Irrigation: Completing major national pride projects such as Sikta, Babai, Rani-Jamara-Kulariya, Mahakali-III, Bheri-Babai Diversion, and Sunkoshi-Marin Diversion on schedule.
- Climate-Friendly Development: Emphasizing organic agriculture, biodiversity protection, and environmentally sustainable farming systems, pledging to promote chemical-free farming and restrict harmful pesticides. They also propose developing carbon pricing and trading systems [23].
- Farmer Rights: Committing to the revolutionary concept of 'land ownership for tiller farmers' as part of scientific land reform.
The relatively new Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) frames agriculture as the backbone of economic reform, promising policy stability, transparent subsidies, reliable insurance systems, and technology-driven productivity. Their 100-point "Commitment Paper 2082" outlines ambitious goals:
- Policy Stability & Dignity: Re-establishing agriculture as a dignified and profitable profession through policy stability and stable markets.
- Transparent Subsidies & Insurance: Ensuring transparent subsidies, reliable crop insurance, and adequate irrigation. They advocate for a digital and transparent system for fertilizer and seed distribution to curb irregularities [12].
- Technology Integration: Promoting technology-based production systems, including fintech and agritech initiatives to improve productivity.
- Market Reform: Abolishing the existing middleman system through a digital app that directly connects farmers to markets, ensuring better profits. They prioritize data-driven agricultural planning to match production with demand [12].
- Land Use & Research: Optimizing land use and productivity by reviewing land-use plans, utilizing barren land, and promoting land pooling. They also propose restructuring the Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) to strengthen research and innovation [24].
- Economic Targets: Aiming for an annual economic growth rate of at least 7% and increasing per capita income to $3,000 within 5 to 7 years.
Though now part of the broader Nepali Communist Party, the CPN (Maoist Centre)'s independent manifesto commitments prior to the merger are noteworthy. The party has consistently advocated for farmer welfare and modernization. Their agenda highlights:
- Rapid Self-Sufficiency: Committing to achieving self-sufficiency in paddy, wheat, maize, vegetables, fruits, sugarcane, milk, meat, and fish within two years, and declaring Nepal hunger-free within the same timeframe.
- Irrigation Expansion: Expanding irrigation facilities to 80% of arable land within five years and installing 10,000 solar irrigation pumps.
- Youth Entrepreneurship: Introducing free registration and five years of tax exemption for agricultural startup enterprises.
- Scientific Land Reform & Technology: Advocating for scientific land reform and exploring the maximum use of technology, including the entry of AI and nanotechnology in agriculture.
- Ujyalo Nepal Party: Announces comprehensive agricultural commitments, including direct grants for farmers through digital ID systems for irrigation, fertilizers, seeds, and insurance. They aim to transform 50% of agricultural land into organic farming zones within five years, guaranteeing procurement of organic produce at 20% above cost price [10, 12]. Export-oriented agriculture and establishing a fertilizer factory domestically are also priorities [12].
- Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP): Prioritizes agriculture with a goal to become fully self-sufficient in vegetables, fruits, and food grains within 2 years. They propose establishing chemical fertilizer and agricultural equipment factories domestically, offering special concessions on electricity. Their "Earn While You Study" scheme involves students in agriculture and facilitates direct farm sales via a digital app [12]. RPP also backs ending dual ownership of land, converting Guthi land to tenancy rights, and leasing out fallow government land [12].
- Janata Samajbadi Party (JSP), Nepal: Focuses on creating 5 million jobs in five years through 'Vertical Farming' and promoting commercial farming via scientific land consolidation. They are committed to providing year-round irrigation facilities to all arable lands in the Terai-Madhes region [12, 20].
While each party presents its unique flavor, several common themes emerge, reflecting the shared understanding of Nepal's agricultural needs:
| Policy Area | Common Threads | Distinctive Approaches & Specifics For more detailed insights, let's explore the specific commitments of the key political entities.
While the unveiling of these comprehensive agendas generates public optimism, some experts express skepticism, viewing them as superficial and lacking concrete action plans. The transition from ambitious promises to tangible realities in Nepal’s complex political and socio-economic landscape is fraught with challenges:
- Political Stability and Bureaucracy: Nepal has a history of political instability, and frequent government changes can derail long-term agricultural plans. Bureaucratic inefficiencies and corruption also pose significant hurdles to effective policy implementation and resource distribution [24, 17].
- Funding and Resource Allocation: While substantial budgets are proposed, the effective allocation and utilization of funds remain critical. Concerns have been raised about the disproportionate allocation of federal agriculture budgets, with a large share remaining at the federal level rather than reaching provincial and local governments constitutionally mandated to manage agriculture [27]. For FY 2024-25, 92.35% of the MoALD budget remained at the federal level, with only 7.65% going to sub-federal levels [27].
- Climate Change Reality: Despite parties acknowledging climate risks, implementing climate-resilient agriculture practices and mitigating the impacts of erratic weather patterns will require substantial, sustained effort and resources, beyond mere policy statements [5, 6].
- Market Dynamics and Middlemen: Breaking the entrenched power of middlemen and ensuring fair market access and pricing for farmers demands robust regulatory frameworks and strong enforcement, which have historically been difficult to achieve.
- Technological Adoption: Bridging the gap between proposing advanced technology (AI, nanotechnology, digital apps) and ensuring widespread adoption among smallholder farmers, many of whom have limited access to education and resources, will be a monumental task.
As Nepal approaches the March 5, 2026 general elections, the focus on agricultural reform offers a beacon of hope for millions of farmers and for the nation's economic future. The political parties have laid out diverse yet often overlapping visions for transforming a sector vital for food security, employment, and national prosperity. From the Nepali Congress’s 'Agricultural Investment Decade' to CPN-UML's 'Modern Farming, Advanced Enterprise,' RSP’s 'Digital Agriculture,' and NCP's call for 'Scientific Land Reform,' the sheer breadth of proposed changes is impressive.
However, the true test of these ambitious agendas will lie not in their eloquent presentation in manifestos, but in their transparent and accountable implementation. As experts cautiously note, the path from promise to practice is often arduous. For Nepal to truly reap a harvest of prosperity, the next government must move beyond rhetoric, foster genuine political will, ensure efficient resource allocation, and empower its farmers with the necessary tools, infrastructure, and market access. The stakes are incredibly high for the future of Nepal, and the choices made in these elections will undoubtedly shape the destiny of its agricultural landscape for decades to come.
Featured image by Frederick Shaw on Unsplash
